Professor Rain Liivoja
Affiliate of Centre for Public, International and Comparative Law & Affiliate of Centre for Public, International and Comparative Law
Centre for Public, International and Comparative Law
Director of Research of T.C. Beirne School of Law & Deputy Dean (Research)
TC Beirne School of Law
+61 7 336 58830
Office W413, Forgan Smith Building
Researcher biography
Rain Liivoja is a Professor and Deputy Dean (Research) at the University of Queensland Law School. He is also a Senior Fellow with the Lieber Institute for Law and Land Warfare at the United States Military Academy at West Point, and holds the title of Adjunct Professor of International Law at the University of Helsinki, where he is affiliated with the Erik Castrén Institute of International Law and Human Rights.
Rain's research focuses on the legal challenges associated with military applications of science and technology. His broader research and teaching interest include general international law, the law of armed conflict and human rights law. He is the author of Criminal Jurisdiction over Armed Forces Abroad (Cambridge University Press 2017), and a co-editor of several books, including Autonomous Cyber Capabilities under International Law (NATO CCDCOE 2021) and the Routledge Handbook of the Law of Armed Conflict (Routledge 2016).
Rain is a UQ Ally, a UQ Mental Health Champion and a member of the UQ Disability Inclusion Advocacy Network. He is a Director of the Asia-Pacific Institute for Law and Security, Vice President (Australia) of the Australian and New Zealand Society of International Law, and Deputy Chair of the Queensland Division Council of the Australian Red Cross.
Before joining the University of Queensland, Rain held academic appointments at the Universities of Melbourne, Helsinki and Tartu. In 2022–2023, he was a Visiting Legal Fellow at the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. He has also been a visiting scholar at Georgetown University, the University of Oxford and the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, and a visiting lecturer at the Estonian Military Academy and the Riga Graduate School of Law. Rain holds an undergraduate degree in law from the University of Tartu, and a masters and a doctorate in public international law from the University of Helsinki. He completed a Graduate Certificate in University Teaching at the University of Melbourne.
Rain does not teach into courses sponsored by the Confucius Institute or the Ramsay Centre.
Publications
Book
Liivoja, Rain (2017). Criminal jurisdiction over armed forces abroad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/9781139600392
Book Chapters
Liivoja, Rain (2025). Law and ethics in the governance of AI-enabled military systems. Adaptive defence: navigating the changing landscape of modern warfare. (pp. 141-152) edited by Chinoy, Sujan and Singh, Rajneesh. New Delhi, India: Pentagon Press.
Liivoja, Rain (2024). Protecting warfighters from superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering. Civility, barbarism and the evolution of international humanitarian law: who do the laws of war protect?. (pp. 177-199) edited by Matt Killingsworth and Tim McCormack. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/9781108764049.010
Liivoja, Rain (2022). Riigikogu poolt ratifitseeritavad ja denonsseeritavad lepingud. Eesti Vabariigi põhiseaduse kommentaarid. (pp. 1-14) Tallinn, Estonia: Estonian Academy of Sciences.
Liivoja, Rain (2022). Riigipiir ja piirilepingud. Eesti Vabariigi põhiseaduse kommentaarid. (pp. 1-11) edited by Uno Lõhmus. Tallinn, Estonia: Estonian Academy of Sciences.
Liivoja, Rain (2022). Being more than you can be: enhancement of warfighters and the law of armed conflict. The future law of armed conflict. (pp. 83-102) edited by Matthew C. Waxman and Thomas W. Oakley. New York, NY, United States: Oxford University Press.
Väljataga, Ann and Liivoja, Rain (2021). Cyber autonomy and international law: an introduction. Autonomous cyber capabilities under international law. (pp. 1-10) edited by Rain Liivoja and Ann Väljataga. Tallinn, Estonia: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence.
Liivoja, Rain (2021). The role of commanders and individual accountability. Human rights of armed forces personnel: compendium of standards, good practices and recommendations. (pp. 294-308) Warsaw, Poland and Geneva, Switzerland: OSCE/ODIHR and DCAF.
Liivoja, Rain (2021). International human rights law. Human rights of armed forces personnel: compendium of standards, good practices and recommendations. (pp. 37-56) Warsaw, Poland and Geneva, Switzerland: OSCE/ODIHR and DCAF.
Jevglevskaja, Natalia and Liivoja, Rain (2021). The better instincts of humanity: humanitarian arguments in defense of international arms control. Lethal autonomous weapons: re-examining the law and ethics of robotic warfare. (pp. 103-119) edited by Jai Galliott, Duncan MacIntosh and Jens David Ohlin. New York, NY United States: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oso/9780197546048.003.0008
Liivoja, Rain and Kroes, Marijn C. W. (2020). Memory modification as treatment for PTSD: neuroscientific reality and ethical concerns. Ethics of medical innovation, experimentation, and enhancement in military and humanitarian contexts. (pp. 211-234) edited by Daniel Messelken and David Winkler. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-36319-2_13
Liivoja, Rain (2016). Trying civilian contractors in military courts: a necessary evil?. Military justice in the modern age. (pp. 81-105) edited by Duxbury, Alison and Groves, Matthew. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/cbo9781107326330.006
Liivoja, Rain, Leins, Kobi and McCormack, Tim (2016). Emerging technologies of warfare. Routledge handbook of the law of armed conflict. (pp. 603-622) edited by Rain Liivoja and Tim McCormack. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203798362
Amstel, Nelleke van and Liivoja, Rain (2016). Private military and security companies. Routledge handbook of the law of armed conflict. (pp. 623-639) edited by Liivoja, Rain and McCormack, Tim. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203798362
Liivoja, Rain (2014). Military justice. The Oxford handbook of criminal law. (pp. 326-349) edited by Markus D. Dubber and Tatjana Hörnle. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199673599.013.0015
Liivoja, Rain and Petman, Jarna (2014). Preface. International law-making. (pp. xl-xlii) edited by Rain Liivoja and Jarna Petman. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203074879
Liivoja, Rain (2013). Treaties, Custom and Universal Jurisdiction. International Law-making: Essays in Honour of Jan Klabbers. (pp. 298-312) edited by Liivoja, Rain and Petman, Jarna. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203074879
Liivoja, Rain (2013). Law and honor: normative pluralism in the regulation of military conduct. Normative pluralism and international law: exploring global governance. (pp. 143-165) edited by Jan Klabbers and Touko Piiparinen. New York, United States: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139567121.009
Liivoja, Rain (2013). Competing histories: Soviet war crimes in the Baltic States. The hidden histories of war crimes trials. (pp. 248-266) edited by Kevin Heller and Gerry Simpson. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671144.003.0012
McCormack, Tim and Liivoja, Rain (2012). Australia: regulating private military and security companies. Multilevel regulation of military and security contractors: the interplay between international, European and domestic norms. (pp. 507-526) edited by Christine Bakker and Mirko Sossai. Oxford: Hart Publishing. doi: 10.5040/9781472565860.ch-022
Liivoja, Rain (2012). Chivalry without a horse: military honour and the modern law of armed conflict. The law of armed conflict: historical and contemporary perspectives. (pp. 75-100) edited by Rain Liivoja and Andres Saumets. Tartu: Tartu University Press.
Journal Articles
Buchan, Russell, Crawford, Emily and Liivoja, Rain (2024). Editorial. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 15 (2), 201-202. doi: 10.1163/18781527-15020001
Buchan, Russell, Crawford, Emily and Liivoja, Rain (2024). The Editorial. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 15 (2), 201-202. doi: 10.1163/18781527-150
Buchan, Russell, Crawford, Emily and Liivoja, Rain (2023). The Editorial. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 14 (2), 189-190. doi: 10.1163/1878152BJA10086
Liivoja, Rain and Dobos, Ned (2023). Ethical issues in military bioscience. Monash Bioethics Review, 41 (1), 1-5. doi: 10.1007/s40592-023-00176-w
Buchan, Russell, Crawford, Emily and Liivoja, Rain (2023). Editorial. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 14 (1), 1-2. doi: 10.1163/18781527-bja10071
Buchan, Russell, Crawford, Emily and Liivoja, Rain (2023). Editorial. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 14 (2), 189-190. doi: 10.1163/18781527-bja10086
Buchan, Russell, Crawford, Emily and Liivoja, Rain (2022). Editorial. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 13 (2), 187-188. doi: 10.1163/18781527-bja10058
Copeland, Damian, Liivoja, Rain and Sanders, Lauren (2022). The utility of weapons reviews in addressing concerns raised by autonomous weapon systems. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 28 (2), 285-316. doi: 10.1093/jcsl/krac035
Roberson, Tara, Bornstein, Stephen, Liivoja, Rain, Ng, Simon, Scholz, Jason and Devitt, Kate (2022). A method for ethical AI in defence: a case study on developing trustworthy autonomous systems. Journal of Responsible Technology, 11 100036, 1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100036
Buchan, Russell, Crawford, Emily and Liivoja, Rain (2022). Rules-Based International Disorder. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 13 (1), 1-5. doi: 10.1163/18781527-bja10050
Liivoja, Rain, Massingham, Eve and McKenzie, Simon (2022). The legal requirement for command and the future of autonomous military platforms. International Law Studies, 99, 638-675.
Buchan, Russell, Crawford, Emily and Liivoja, Rain (2021). Editorial. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 12 (2), 165-168. doi: 10.1163/18781527-12020001
Buchan, Russell, Crawford, Emily and Liivoja, Rain (2021). Editorial. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 12 (1), 1-3. doi: 10.1163/18781527-bja10030
Buchan, Russell, Crawford, Emily and Liivoja, Rain (2020). International law in a time of pandemic. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 11 (2), 187-191. doi: 10.1163/18781527-01102017
Buchan, Russell, Crawford, Emily and Liivoja, Rain (2020). Editorial. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 11 (1), 1-3. doi: 10.1163/18781527-01101004
Buchan, Russell, Crawford, Emily and Liivoja, Rain (2019). Editorial. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 10 (2), 213-216. doi: 10.1163/18781527-01002005
Liivoja, Rain and Duxbury, Alison (2019). Human rights of service personnel. Human Rights Defender, 28 (2), 13-15.
Buchan, Russell, Crawford, Emily and Liivoja, Rain (2019). Editorial. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 10 (1), 3-5. doi: 10.1163/18781527-01001013
Kroes, Marijn C. W. and Liivoja, Rain (2019). Eradicating war memories: neuroscientific reality and ethical concerns. International Review of the Red Cross, 101 (910), 69-95. doi: 10.1017/s1816383118000437
Liivoja, Rain (2018). Biomedical enhancement of warfighters and the legal protection of military medical personnel in armed conflict. Medical Law Review, 26 (3), 421-448. doi: 10.1093/medlaw/fwx046
Liivoja, Rain (2018). Left of bang interventions in trauma: some legal implications of military medical prophylaxis. Journal of Medical Ethics, 44 (7), 509-510. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2017-104584
Liivoja, Rain and Chircop, Luke (2018). Are enhanced warfighters weapons, means, or methods of warfare?. International Law Studies, 94, 161-185.
Liivoja, Rain (2016). Technological change and the evolution of the law of war. International Review of the Red Cross, 97 (900), 1157-1177. doi: 10.1017/S1816383116000424
Liivoja, Rain (2016). Out of sight, out of mind, out of reach?. International Humanitarian Law Magazine (1), 16-17.
Heng, Benjamin, Liivoja, Rain, Ng, Daniel and Oswald, Bruce (2016). Military justice in a comparative and international perspective: a view from the Asia Pacific. Journal of International Peacekeeping, 20 (3-4), 133-142. doi: 10.1163/18754112-02003001
Liivoja, Rain and McCormack, Tim (2012). Law in the virtual battlespace: the Tallin Manual and the Jus in Bello. Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 15 (3), 45-58. doi: 10.1007/978-90-6704-924-5_3
Liivoja, Rain (2012). Regulating the private military and security industry: a quest to maintain state control and preserve public values. Leiden Journal of International Law, 25 (4), 1019-1028. doi: 10.1017/S0922156512000568
Liivoja, Rain (2011). This court sentences you...: trial court delivers judgment in the first Finnish genocide case. Helsinki Review of Global Governance, 2 (1), 34-35.
Liivoja, Rain (2010). Service Jurisdiction Under International Law. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 11 (2)
Liivoja, Rain (2010). Dish of the day: justice sans frontiers à la finlandaise. Helsinki Review of Global Governance, 1 (1), 20-23.
Liivoja, Rain (2010). The criminal jurisdiction of states: a theoretical primer. No Foundations: journal of extreme legal positivism (7), 25-58.
Liivoja, Rain (2010). Correspondents' reports: Estonia. Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law: 2010, 13, 478-480.
Leino, Jani and Liivoja, Rain (2010). Correspondents' reports: Finland. Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law: 2010, 13, 480-485.
Liivoja, Rain and Miluna, Ieva (2010). Correspondents' reports: Latvia. Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law: 2010, 13, 571-581.
Liivoja, Rain (2009). Privileeg, puutumatus, immuniteet. Õiguskeel, 15 (1), 67-70.
Liivoja, Rain (2008). The scope of the supremacy clause of the United Nations Charter. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 57 (3), 583-612. doi: 10.1017/S0020589308000389
Liivoja, Rain (2008). Review of UN peacekeeping in Lebanon, Somalia and Kosovo. International Organizations Law Review, 5 (1), 228-232.
Liivoja, Rain (2008). Review of Peter Judson Richards, Extraordinary justice: military tribunals in historical and international context. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 13 (1), 156-159. doi: 10.1093/jcsl/krn010
Liivoja, Rain (2008). Review of Jurisdiction in international law. Finnish Yearbook of International Law, 19, 397-401.
Liivoja, Rain (2007). Book review: Crimes against humanity: a normative account by Larry May. European Journal of International Law, 18 (2), 373-376. doi: 10.1093/ejil.chm019
Liivoja, Rain (2007). Kas Paabeli torn? Mõned märkused rahvusvaheliste lepingute erikeelsete tekstide õigusliku tähenduse kohta. Õiguskeel, 13 (3), 3-13.
Liivoja, Rain (2007). Review of Peter Rowe, The impact of human rights law on armed forces. Human Rights Law Review, 7 (4), 813-816. doi: 10.1093/hrlr/ngm026
Liivoja, Rain (2006). Ratifitseerimise mõiste Eesti konstitutsiooniõiguses ja rahvusvahelises õiguses. Õiguskeel, 12 (2), 9-18.
Liivoja, Rain and Värk, René (2006). Rahvusvahelise Kriminaalkohtu Rooma statuudi rakendamine Eesti õigussüsteemis. Riigikogu Toimetised, 13, 165-171.
Liivoja, Rain, Värk, René and Kastemäe, Merri (2005). Implementation of the Rome Statute in Estonia. Finnish Yearbook of International Law, 16, 79-101.
Liivoja, Rain (2005). Eesti karistusõiguslik jurisdiktsioon reisiparvlaeva Estonia hauarahu häiriva tegevuse üle. Acta Societatis Martensis, 1, 108-120.
Conference Papers
Liivoja, Rain (2024). Law and ethics in the governance of AI-enabled military systems. Delhi Defence Dialogue 2024 — Adaptive Defence: Navigating the Changing Landscape of Modern Warfare, New Delhi, India, 12-13 November 2024.
Liivoja, Rain (2023). Pursuing conventional arms control: what can we learn from the prohibition of weapons injuring by non-detectable fragments?. 2023 Law and Technology Conference of the Asian Law Schools Association, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 2 – 3 December 2023. Singapore, Singapore: Asian Law Schools Association.
Liivoja, Rain and Sanders, Lauren (2023). State approaches in the LAWS GGE to ethics through the Martens Clause. Critical Reflections on AI Ethics Principles and Societal Inputs for the Governance of Military AI, The Hague, Netherlands, 26 April 2023.
Liivoja, Rain (2022). How to – and How Not to – Regulate New Military Technologies. Attorney-General’s Department’s Eleventh International Law Colloquium, Canberra, ACT Australia, 17 November 2022.
Wang, Brydon and Liivoja, Rain (2022). Architecture and aspiration in international law: designing the buildings of the United Nations. Workshop Institutional Architecture, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 19-20 October 2022.
Duxbury, Alison and Liivoja, Rain (2021). Military or civilian justice: how should the decision be made?. International Military Justice Forum, Paris, France, 18–19 November 2021.
Liivoja, Rain (2019). Legal Limitations and the Limitations of Law. Conference on Future Warfare, Canberra, Australia, 8 April 2019.
Liivoja, Rain (2019). Human Rights in Military Health Care. Conference on Respecting Military Law, Melbourne, Australia, 12–13 March 2019.
Liivoja, Rain (2019). Autonomy, precautionary measures and constant care. Workshop on the Ethics and Law of Trusted Autonomous Systems, Oxford, United Kingdom, 23-24 May 2019.
Liivoja, Rain (2019). Human enhancement under the law of armed conflict. The Law of Armed Conflict 2040: Lieber Institute for Law and Land Warfare Workshop, West Point, NY, United States, 28–30 October 2019.
Liivoja, Rain (2018). Biomedical Enhancement of Warfighters: Law of Armed Conflict Issues. Peace, War and the Law: 21th Congress of International Society for Military Law and the Law of War, Lisbon, Portugal, 15-19 May 2018.
Liivoja, Rain (2018). Memory Modification for the Treatment of PTSD in Service Members: Ethical and Legal Concerns Revisited. Ethics of Military Medical Innovation, Experimentation, and Enhancement: 8th ICMM Workshop on Military Medical Ethics, Ermatingen, Switzerland, 3-5 May 2018.
Liivoja, Rain (2018). Regulating Emerging Military Technologies: Is There Anything New under the Sun?. The Ethical Implications of Emerging Technologies in Warfare: 8th Euro-ISME Annual Conference, Toledo, Spain, 13-16 May 2018.
Liivoja, Rain (2018). Contradictory appeals to humanity in the development of arms control law. Humanitarianism and the Remaking of International Law: History, Ideology, Practice, Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 31 May–2 June 2018.
Liivoja, Rain (2018). Autonomous weapon systems: an overview of the legal issues. Autonomous Weapon Systems Workshop, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 3 April 2018.
Liivoja, Rain (2018). "The Better Instincts of Humanity": humanitarian arguments in debates about arms control. International Law: From the Local to the Global – 26th Annual Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Society of International Law, Wellington, New Zealand, 5–7 July 2018.
Liivoja, Rain (2018). The military application of advances in human enhancement technologies. Developing International Law in Challenging Times: 78th Biennial Conference of the International Law Association, Sydney, Australia, 19–24 August 2018.
Liivoja, Rain (2018). Interpreting and Applying the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols in Light of Technological Change. Attorney-General’s Department’s 8th International Law Colloquium, Canberra, Australia, 30 November 2018.
Liivoja, Rain (2018). The application of international law to autonomous cyber capabilities. Silent Battle: 11th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon), Tallinn, Estonia, 28–31 May 2019.
Generic Document
Research Reports
Liivoja, Rain (2025). Principles of responsible military artificial intelligence and applicable international law. GC REAIM Expert Policy Note Series The Hague, Netherlands: Global Commission on Responsible Artificial Intelligence in the Military Domain.
Allik, Sten, Azafrani, Rachel, Barnes, David, Bode, Ingvild, Conn, Ariel, Lach, Eileen M., Lennon, Craig, Liivoja, Rain, Shanahan, John, Stephens, Melodena, Titus, Lisa and Wagner, Alan R. (2024). A framework for human decision-making through the lifecycle of autonomous and intelligent systems in defense applications. New York, NY United States: IEEE SA.
Liivoja, Rain, Sanders, Lauren and Jevglevskaja, Natalia (2024). Submission to the Department of Industry, Science and Resources: Mandatory guardrails for AI in high-risk settings. Sydney, NSW: Asia-Pacific Institute for Law and Security.
Sanders, Lauren, Hartridge, Sam and Liivoja, Rain (2024). Assurance for military systems incorporating Artificial Intelligence: workshop report. Brisbane, QLD, Australia: The University of Queensland. doi: 10.14264/ae376ca
Sanders, Lauren, Cavdarski, Rosie and Liivoja, Rain (2024). Responsibility for military autonomous systems: workshop report. Brisbane, QLD, Australia: The University of Queensland. doi: 10.14264/9f84e05
Wolf, Renato, Sanders, Lauren, Liivoja, Rain, Jevglevskaja, Natalia and Goussac, Netta (2024). Advancing the legal review of autonomous weapon systems: report of an expert meeting (Sydney, 16–18 April 2024). Brisbane, QLD, Australia: The University of Queensland. doi: 10.14264/c41c6fb
Sanders, Lauren, Hartridge, Sam, Liivoja, Rain, Nunn, Natalie, Walker-Munro, Brendan and Wolf, Renato (2024). Submission to the Defence Subcommittee of the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade: Inquiry into the Department of Defence Annual Report 2022–2023. Brisbane, QLD, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Cavdarski, Rosie, Sanders, Lauren and Liivoja, Rain (2023). Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapon Systems: Report on Submissions to the GGE on LAWS (version 2.0). Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Law and the Future of War Research Group, TC Beirne School of Law, The University of Queensland. doi: 10.14264/1c0275b
Goussac, Netta, Jevglevskaja, Natalia, Liivoja, Rain and Sanders, Lauren (2023). Enhancing the Legal Review of Autonomous Weapon Systems: Report of an Expert Meeting. Brisbane, QLD Australia: Law and the Future of War Research Group, TC Beirne School of Law, The University of Queensland. doi: 10.14264/2bbfd31
Cavdarski, Rosie, Sanders, Lauren and Liivoja, Rain (2023). Weapons reviews of autonomous weapon systems: report on submissions to the GGE on LAWS (version 1.0). Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Law and the Future of War Research Group, TC Beirne School of Law, The University of Queensland. doi: 10.14264/6670709
Nabbs-Keller, Greta, Ko, Ryan, Axelsen, Michael, Bongiovanni, Ivano, Dowsett, Dallas, Liivoja, Rain, Maher, Ray, Massingham, Eve, McEwan, Chris, McKenzie, Simon, O’Quinn, Richard, Radke, Amelia and Williams, John (2020). Submission to Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade’s Cyber and Critical Technology Engagement Strategy. Brisbane, QLD, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Liivoja, Rain, Naagel, Maarja and Väljataga, Ann (2019). Autonomous cyber capabilities under international law. Tallinn, Estonia: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence.
Muggleton, Paul, Burke, Róisín, Liivoja, Rain, McCormack, Tim, McLaughlin, Rob, Oswald, Bruce, Radin, Sasha and de Rochefort-Reynolds, Alan (2017). Muggleton on the Law of Non-international Armed Conflict. Melbourne Vic Australia: Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law.
Duxbury, Alison, Liivoja, Rain and Groves, Matthew (2012). Submission to the Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee: Inquiry into the Military Court of Australia Bill 2012 [Provisions] and Military Court of Australia (Transitional Provisions and Consequential Amendments) Bill 2012 [Provisions].
Janse, Ronald, Sanchez Galera, Maria Dolores and Liivoja, Rain (2007). Rule of Law Inventory Report: Academic Part. Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law.
Newspaper Articles
Sanders, Lauren, Liivoja, Rain and Assaad, Zena (2024, 10 31). REAIM Summit 2024: slowly but surely towards better governance of military artificial intelligence? From The Hague to Seoul ANZSIL Perspective
Assaad, Zena, Sanders, Lauren and Liivoja, Rain (2024, 09 17). Global powers are grappling with ‘responsible’ use of military AI: What would that look like? The Conversation
Liivoja, Rain (2024, 03 15). AWS legal review series – protracted debate, incremental progress, unexpected outcomes Articles of War
Liivoja, Rain and Watts, Sean (2024, 03 04). AWS legal review series – introduction Articles of War
Walker-Munro, Brendan, Sanders, Lauren and Liivoja, Rain (2023, 08 07). Preparing Australian universities for AUKUS The Strategist
Liivoja, Rain, Sanders, Lauren and Walker-Munro, Brendan (2023, 03 07). Law and the Future of War update on the REAIM Summit ANZSIL Perspective 9-14.
Liivoja, Rain, Massingham, Eve, McFarland, Tim and McKenzie, Simon (2020, 09 09). Are autonomous weapons systems prohibited? GameChanger
Massingham, Eve, McKenzie, Simon and Liivoja, Rain (2020, 05 01). Command in the age of autonomy–unanswered questions for military operations Opinio Juris
Jevglevskaja, Natalia and Liivoja, Rain (2019, 12 20). Balancing the lopsided debate on autonomous weapon systems The Strategist
Liivoja, Rain (2019, 05 08). Human Enhancement Technologies and the Law in War and Peace Opinio Juris
Liivoja, Rain (2019, 02 25). Status of medical personnel: Clear as mud? Humanitarian Law and Policy
Jenks, Chris and Liivoja, Rain (2018, 12 11). Machine autonomy and the constant care obligation Humanitarian Law & Policy
Liivoja, Rain (2018, 09 12). Why it’s so hard to reach an international agreement on killer robots The Conversation
Hood, Anna, Cormier, Monique and Liivoja, Rain (2013, 02 28). Pope Benedict could face court over sex crimes in the church The Conversation
Seminar Papers
Liivoja, Rain (2024). Responsible AI in the military domain: 2024 REAIM Summit and Blueprint for Action. Defence AI Seminar Series. Defence Artificial Intelligence Research Network (DAIRNet).
Liivoja, Rain (2019). Protection of the wounded and medical care-givers in armed conflict: is the law up to the job? (panel discussion). Chatham House – Royal Institute of International Affairs.