Dr Eve Massingham
Honorary Senior Research Fellow
TC Beirne School of Law
Researcher biography
Dr Eve Massingham is currently working as a Policy Adviser in the Legal Division of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva. From September 2019 - August 2022, Eve was a Senior Research Fellow with the School of Law, The University of Queensland looking at the diverse ways in which the law constrains or enables autonomous functions of military platforms, systems and weapons. She is the co-editor of Ensuring Respect for International Humanitarian Law (Routledge, 2020) and she has published a number of book chapters and journal articles in the fields of international humanitarian law and international law and the use of force. Eve's earlier work includes as the International Committee of the Red Cross' Regional Legal Adviser for East Africa and as an International Humanitarian Law officer for Australian Red Cross. She began her career at (then) Freehills (admitted 2004) and was an Associate to Justice Collier at the Federal Court of Australia. Eve has also served as an Australian Army Reserve Officer. Eve holds a Bachelor of Law (Hons) from Queensland University of Technology, a Master of International and Community Development from Deakin University, an LLM (Distinction) from King's College London and a PhD from the University of Queensland.
Publications
Book Chapters
Mutuma, Kenneth Wyne and Massingham, Eve (2022). East African laws of war. The laws of yesterday's wars 2: from ancient India to East Africa. (pp. 214-240) edited by Samuel White. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Nijhoff. doi: 10.1163/9789004473218
Massingham, Eve and McKenzie, Simon (2022). Testing knowledge: weapons reviews of autonomous weapons systems and the international criminal trial. Futures of international criminal justice. (pp. 177-197) edited by Emma Palmer, Susan Harris Rimmer, Edwin Bikundo and Martin Clark. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781003087533-11
Massingham, Eve (2021). Weapons and the obligation to ensure respect for IHL. Ensuring Respect for International Humanitarian Law. (pp. 115-131) edited by Massingham, Eve and McConnachie, Annabel . Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780429197628-8
Massingham, Eve and McConnachie, Annabel (2021). Common Article 1: emerging themes. Ensuring Respect for International Humanitarian Law. (pp. 263-273) edited by Eve Massingham and Annabel McConnachie. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780429197628-17
Massingham, Eve and McConnachie, Annabel (2020). Common Article 1: an introduction. Ensuring Respect for International Humanitarian Law. (pp. 1-11) London, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780429197628-1
Massingham, Eve and Thynne, Kelisiana (2020). Humanitarian relief operations. The Oxford Guide to International Humanitarian Law. (pp. 319-338) edited by Ben Saul and Dapo Akande. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Massingham, Eve (2018). The obligation to respect and ensure respect for international humanitarian law: a potential source of assistance in combating humanitarian cross-border challenges created by armed conflict. Global governance and regulation: order and disorder in the 21st century. (pp. 207-218) edited by Leon Wolff and Danielle Ireland-Piper. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781315185408-18
Durham, Helen and Massingham, Eve (2016). Women and war. Routledge handbook of the law of armed conflict. (pp. 335-350) edited by Rain Liivoja and Tim McCormack. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203798362
Durham, Helen and Massingham, Eve (2015). Moving From The Mechanics Of Accountability To A Culture Of Accountability: What More Can Be Done In Addition To Prosecuting War Crimes?. Accountability for Violations of International Humanitarian Law: Essays in Honour of Tim McCormack. (pp. 267-281) edited by Petrovic, Jadranka. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781315769554
Durham, Helen and Massingham, Eve (2012). Who is protected under international humanitarian law: finding a definition for 'direct participation in hostilities'. Protecting civilians in violent armed conflict: theoretical and practical issues for the 21st century. (pp. 103-118) edited by David W. Lovell and Igor Primoratz. Surrey, United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing.
Journal Articles
Massingham, Eve and McRuvie, Kirsty (2024). Exploring the Role of religious actors in generating respect for the laws of war: a common article 1 perspective. Journal of Human Rights Practice. doi: 10.1093/jhuman/huad042
Massingham, Eve, Almila, Elina and Piret, Mathilde (2023). War in cities: Why the protection of the natural environment matters even when fighting in urban areas, and what can be done to ensure protection. International Review of the Red Cross, 105 (924), 1-24. doi: 10.1017/s1816383123000395
McKenzie, Simon and Massingham. Eve (2023). AUKUS: the regulation of the ocean and the legal dangers of working together. Ocean Yearbook, 37 (1), 136-170. doi: 10.1163/22116001-03701008
Massingham, Eve and Stephens, Dale (2022). Autonomous systems, private actors, outer space and war: lessons for addressing accountability concerns in uncertain legal environments. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 23 (2).
Liivoja, Rain, Massingham, Eve and McKenzie, Simon (2022). The legal requirement for command and the future of autonomous military platforms. International Law Studies, 99, 638-675.
Massingham, Eve (2021). Entertainment and the laws of war: The role of States in their interactions with the entertainment industry in order to ensure
respect for international humanitarian law. Media and Arts Law Review, 24, 130-147.
McKenzie, Simon and Massingham, Eve (2021). Taking care against the computer: precautions against military operations on digital infrastructure. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 12 (2), 1-27. doi: 10.1163/18781527-bja10036
Massingham, Eve (2021). Navigating to autonomy: legal questions in the use of
autonomous aerial vehicles by the Australian military. Australian Journal of Defence and Strategic Studies, 3 (1), 3-25. doi: 10.51174/AJDSS.0301/OGMX3242
Massingham, Eve (2021). Automation of the spectrum, automation and the spectrum: legal challenges when optimising spectrum use for military operations. Law, Technology and Humans, 3 (2), 91-106. doi: 10.5204/lthj.1854
Massingham, Eve (2020). Radio silence: autonomous military aircraft and the importance of communication for their use in peace time and in times of armed conflict under international law. Asia-Pacific Journal of International Humanitarian Law , 1 (1), 184-208.
Massingham, Eve (2016). International humanitarian law in East Africa: a regional perspective on why these binding rules are as important as ever. Zanzibar Yearbook of Law.
Massingham, Eve and Thynne, Kelisiana (2014). Promoting Access to Health Care in 'other Situations of Violence': Time to Reignite the Debate on International Regulation. Journal of Humanitarian Legal Studies, 5 (1), 105-129. doi: 10.1163/18781527-00501003
Massingham, Eve (2012). Conflict without casualties ... a note of caution: non-lethal weapons and international humanitarian law. International Review of the Red Cross, 94 (886), 673-685. doi: 10.1017/s1816383112000720
Durham, Helen and Massingham, Eve (2010). Protecting civilians during violent conflict. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 1 (2), 401-404. doi: 10.1163/187815211x555371
Massingham, Eve (2009). Military intervention for humanitarian purposes: does the Responsibility to Protect doctrine advance the legality of the use of force for humanitarian ends?. International Review of the Red Cross, 91 (876), 803-831. doi: 10.1017/s1816383110000068
Conference Papers
McKenzie, Simon and Massingham, Eve (2022). Separation Anxiety: AUKUS, the collaborative development and deployment of autonomous maritime technology, and the legal challenges of joint military use of oceans . New Technologies on the Global Battlespace , University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 13 May 2022.
Massingham, Eve (2022). Legal questions as design considerations for military uncrewed aircraft systems. Australian Association for Uncrewed Systems RPAS in Australian Skies 2022, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 29-30 March 2022.
Massingham, Eve (2022). Generating respect for the laws of war and protecting the natural environment: a Common Article 1 Perspective. 8th Frontiers in Environmental Law Colloquium, Sydney, NSW Australia, 9-11 February 2022.
Massingham, Eve (2021). Exploring the role of religious actors in generating respect for the laws of war: a Common Article 1 perspective
. Religious Actors and Humanitarian Norms Compliance in Armed Conflict: Roles, Influence, Engagement, University of York (online), 8-10 December 2021.
Massingham, Eve (2021). Hollywood and the laws of war: the role of the
entertainment industry in preventing war crimes. Inertia or Innovation? Reshaping International Law for a Complex Future: 28th Australian and New Zealand Society of International Law Conference, Online , 30 June - 6 July 2021.
Massingham, Eve and McKenzie, Simon (2021). Taking care against the computer: precautions against military operations on digital infrastructure powered by artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence and Normative Challenges: International and Comparative Legal Perspectives, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 1-2 April 2021.
Massingham, Eve (2020). Navigating to autonomy: legal questions in the use of autonomous aerial vehicles by the Australian military. ANZSIL International Peace and Security Interest Group Seminar Series 2020, Online, 24 July 2020.
Massingham, Eve and McKenzie, Simon (2019). The role of weapons review processes in determining whether a war crime or other serious violation of international humanitarian law has been committed: does article 36 make any difference to criminal liability?. Australian International Criminal Law Workshop 2019: International Criminal Justice Futures, Brisbane, 28-20 October 2019.
Massingham, Eve (2015). Towards international peace and security through respect for international humanitarian law: a weapons law perspective. ANZSIL International Peace and Security Interest Group Conference, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 20 March 2015.
Massingham, Eve (2015). The obligation to respect and to ensure respect for international humanitarian law: a potential source of assistance in combating cross-border challenges in the 21st century. Global Order and Disorder, Governance and Regulation in the 21st Century, Transnational, International and Comparative Law Policy Network Conference, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia, 7-8 August 2015.
Massingham, Eve (2013). Conflict without casualties … a note of caution: non-lethal weapons and international humanitarian law. New technologies and warfare - the challenges for IHL, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 19 November 2013.
Massingham, Eve (2011). Non-lethal weapons and international humanitarian law. 19th Annual Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Society of International Law: The Promise and Limits of International Law, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 23-25 June 2011.
Massingham, Eve (2011). Regulating internal armed conflicts and ‘other situations of violence’: challenges and opportunities in a changing world. Human Rights and Governance Colloquium, Brisbane, QLD Australia, 25 November 2011.
Massingham, Eve (2010). Life, Liberty and the Responsibility to Protect: a legal challenge to sovereignty?. Owning the Past: 29th Australian and New Zealand Law and History Conference, Melbourne, VIC Australia, 13-15 December 2010.
Seminar Paper
Massingham, Eve (2022). The protection of the natural environment in times of armed conflict: reflections in light of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Center for Environmental Law, Macquarie University.
Generic Document
Research Report
Massingham, Eve, Cotroneo, Angela, Hadorn, Livia and Ortiz, Alexandra (2019). The Kampala Convention: key recommendations 10 years on. Geneva, Switzerland: International Committee of the Red Cross.
Thesis
Massingham, Eve (2016). The obligation to respect and to ensure respect in all circumstances pursuant to Common Article 1 of the Four Geneva Conventions of August 1949 and Additional Protocols I and III: an Australian weapons law perspective. PhD Thesis, School of Law, The University of Queensland. doi: 10.14264/uql.2016.355
Newspaper Articles
Massingham, Eve (2022, 02 01). Hollywood and the laws of war Articles of War
Massingham, Eve (2021, 12 03). An AI-flown military aircraft is being designed in Australia. Are our laws equipped to protect us? The Conversation
Stephens, Dale and Massingham, Eve (2021, 11 18). Military partners and the obligation to "ensure respect" for IHL Articles of War
Massingham, Eve (2021, 09 20). The law when putting autonomous military platforms on a shopping list The Interpreter
Lloydd, Marnie and Massingham, Eve (2021, 05 29). Ensuring respect for international humanitarian law well beyond the battlefield ANZSIL Perspectives
Massingham, Eve (2020, 12 08). Radio silence: autonomous military aircraft and the importance of communication Asia-Pacific Journal of International Humanitarian Law Blog 1-1.
Massingham, Eve and McConnachie, Annabel (2020, 10 08). Ensuring Respect for International Humanitarian Law: what it looks like in practice ILA Reporter
Liivoja, Rain, Massingham, Eve, McFarland, Tim and McKenzie, Simon (2020, 09 09). Are autonomous weapons systems prohibited? GameChanger
Massingham, Eve, McKenzie, Simon and Liivoja, Rain (2020, 05 01). Command in the age of autonomy–unanswered questions for military operations Opinio Juris